Participation Participation

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Definition

Used since the 19th century in economics and politics, the notion of participation is mobilized in the field of public action to designate the association of members of the civil society or “ordinary” people with political decisions, in such a way to better take into consideration their preoccupations and interests in manners which concerns them.

Within the field of performing arts, participation designates the implication of the public outside of the artworld working with the sector’s activities. Artistically speaking, this translates notably by the inclusion of “non-professionals” of performance in the creative process and/or the presentation of scenic work.

Cite: “Participation”, Performascope: Interdisciplinary Lexicon of Performance and Research-Creation, Grenoble: Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021, [online]: http://performascope.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/en/detail/177857

Perspective

Theatre studies
Séverine Ruset, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Litt&Arts, 38000 Grenoble, France

As a teacher-researcher in the performing arts, I work on contemporary scenic creation in France and England. In my research, I associate the study of performances to the study of their production contexts, paying specific attention to the internal organizational modes that underpin their creation.

My interest lies in the stakes at play, both between the stage and the “real” as well as the structuring forms that make up the notion of the collective which organises itself on the stage – this has recently driven me to examine the rise in participative creations at work within French public theater over the last ten or so years. Although it is not uncommon that the artists behind these projects express their intentions to reinvigorate the stage/audience relationship, their creations don’t necessarily give rise to attempts to transform the spectators into actors in the performance. These works should thus be differentiated from participatory performances. They are not only participative during the presentation of the stage event but equally so over the course of the creative process, dependent upon the contribution of those whom we refer to as “participants” – a term meant to distinguish them from both the public and the theater professionals for whom the making of performance is normally reserved. For author and director Mohamed El Khatib, theater has long been considered an experts-only affair. One of the major goals of participation would then be to break down the barriers surrounding creation, opening it up, within public institutions, to the contributions of those who are not well-versed in its conventions and who consequently seem “innocent,” to use the term that director Didier Ruiz employs to characterize these “participants”. Their contribution is generally justified by the fact that they bring qualities from outside theater practice, which are then integrated into the creative process, as is notably the case of Berlin collective Rimini Protokoll who esteem the non-actors with whom they regularly collaborate as “experts of the everyday”.

The research I am currently devoting to these participative approaches has driven me to scrutinize theater programing in the interest of determining what place participation occupies on the institutional stage. This has led me to analyze the rhetoric that artists and theater promoters ascribe to participatory practice, and to follow certain protocols and projects as fieldwork. These demonstrate that the interest in placing participation at the heart of creation clearly arises from the democratic ideal and from the emancipatory values perpetuated by public theater. This is however no guarantee of their effectiveness, given that it is sometimes difficult to reconcile this interest with the demand for the quality and artistic singularity upon which public theater is also founded. It is further subject to the influence of neo-liberal logics that are liable to produce effects diametrically opposed to their original intentions. Just as participation in public affairs can lead, depending on how it is implemented, to a wide range of results – anything from manipulation to citizen control – participation in artistic creation can produce unequal effects on those it involves, as it does on the world of public theater in which it develops. My research challenges me to map out the jumbled, diverse landscape of participative creation, highlighting the determining character of certain distinctive criteria, beginning with the profile of participants solicited/mobilized for these projects – and their level of involvement, from simply being present on stage to co-writing the work.

Cite this item: Séverine Ruset, “Participation”, translated by Séverine Ruset, Performascope: Interdisciplinary Lexicon of Performance and Research-Creation, Grenoble: Université Grenoble Alpes, 2022, [online]: http://performascope.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/en/detail/177857

Quotation

« Participation is the activity of the spectator who, by taking part in the development of the stage or social event, leaves behind his or her supposedly passive status as a spectator. With the political theatre or the happening of the 1960s, participation was akin to a political intervention. […] Since the 1960s, art has become ever more participatory in its production and its reception, which both require the active intervention of the participants, even a ‘co-creation’. It is a thinly veiled threat: ‘participate, or else...’ Traditional categories of identification, admiration or communion are rejected in favour of a direct action on the part of the participants, as if this were a festival, a ceremony or ritual. In a festival, as previously noted by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and nowadays in street theatre, the audience became participants. They participate in the event, and therefore they do not have the necessary distance they would have when faced with a representation. […] In a more contemporary version, related to the use of the Internet, the theatre of participation becomes interactive theatre, with the possibility that the spectator can respond by email, commenting on the progress of the performance. Participation does not always imply that the spectator is in physical interaction with others. In such cases, participation is then reduced to an individual, isolated, internal experience, one that no longer depends on a community and no longer accompanied by any sense of belonging. A cross-cultural comparison here would be illuminating: in Europe, participation is often internalized and integrated into the construction of meaning, reduced to a relational aesthetics; however, in Korea, audience participation often takes the form of an address of the actors to the audience, an improvisation with them, a good-natured exchange, reviving the old village performances. This is a matter of conventions, but also of cultural habits, involving the ability to speak out in public and the distinction between private and public spheres. »

Patrice Pavis, The Routledge Dictionary of Performance and Contemporary Theatre, Londres : Routledge, 2016, p.156


« Le terme « participatif » fait désormais florès dans le champ des pratiques théâtrales et interartistiques immédiatement contemporaines. Il qualifie des créations qui engendrent des reconfigurations singulières du rapport scène-salle et entraînent de nouvelles dynamiques relationnelles. Bien qu’elles puissent s’en inspirer, ces productions diffèrent des formes performatives précédemment évoquées, en premier lieu parce que l’individualisation des spectateurs prend le pas sur le collectif. »

Anyssa Kapelus, « De la « participation » au « participatif ». Evolution de la place du spectateur », Jeu. Revue de Théâtre, 147, 2013, p.61


« D’un point de vue politique, la participation est devenue un enjeu démocratique en ce qu’elle permet l’expression citoyenne. L’impératif participatif, comme « nouvelle grammaire de l’action publique » (Blondiaux et Sintomer, 2002), s’est imposé peu à peu aux responsables politiques afin de réduire le fossé entre gouvernants et gouvernés et tendre vers une plus grande efficacité dans la production et la gestion de l’action publique pour faire la preuve de sa légitimité. La participation des habitants, communément associée en France à la politique de la ville (notamment concernant l’aménagement du territoire et l’environnement), est promue dès le début des années 1980 (ibid., 2002). La consultation du citoyen est convoquée à travers de nombreux outils de gouvernance dont se sont aussi dotées les politiques publiques de la culture comme les assises, les états généraux, les comités de suivi, les conférences consultatives, etc. Ceux-ci se veulent des lieux d’échange avec le citoyen, dans une démarche ascendante, pragmatique et de proximité afin de construire des solutions convergentes et de produire du consensus. D’un point de vue culturel, la participation des citoyens prend une forme esthétique. À travers le développement de projets artistiques et culturels de territoire, on observe des modalités différentes de rencontre entre les habitants, les artistes et les acteurs du territoire mais, aussi, de nouveaux rapports entre l’art et la question sociale (Bordeaux et Liot, 2012) ».

Chloé Langeard, « Les projets artistiques et culturels de territoire. Sens et enjeux d’un nouvel instrument d’action publique », Informations sociales, 190, 4, 2015, pp.64-72, [en ligne] : https://doi.org/10.3917/inso.190.0064  (12/07/2021)


« La participation, c’est celle du spectateur, lequel, en prenant part à l’élaboration de l’événement scénique ou social, quitte justement son statut de spectateur soi-disant passif. Avec le théâtre politique ou le happening des années 1960, la participation est assimilée à une intervention politique. […] Dans une vision plus contemporaine, liée à l’usage d’Internet, le théâtre de participation devient théâtre interactif, avec la possibilité pour le spectateur d’intervenir par mail en commentant le déroulement du spectacle. La participation n’implique pas toujours que le spectateur soit en interaction physique avec les autres. Elle se réduit alors à une expérience individuelle, isolée, intérieure, qui ne dépend plus d’une communauté et ne s’accompagne plus alors d’un sentiment d’appartenance. »

Patrice Pavis, Dictionnaire de la performance, Paris : Armand Colin, 2014, pp.169-178

Bibliography

Maryse Bresson, « La participation : un concept constamment réinventé », Socio-logos, 9, 2014, [En ligne] : http://journals.openedition.org/socio-logos/2817 (01/07/2021)

Mark Chou, Jean-Paul Gagnon, Lesley Pruitt, « Putting participation on stage: examining participatory theatre as an alternative site for political participation », Policy Studies, 36, 6, 2015, pp.607-622

Umut Erel, Tracey Reynolds, Erene Kaptani, « Participatory theatre for transformative social research » in Qualitative Research, 17, 3, 2017, pp.302-312, [en ligne] : https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468794117696029# (05/05/21)

Jen Harvie, Fair Play/ Art, Performance and Neoliberalism, Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2013

Anita Weber, « Théâtre et participation : une nouvelle donne esthétique et citoyenne », L’Observatoire, 54, 2019, pp.9-12

Joëlle Zask, Participer: essai sur les formes démocratiques de la participation, Lormont : Le Bord de l’eau, 2011